1. Density - based Sorting Process

• Principle and Basics
  The density - based sorting process hinges on the fact that different plastics possess distinct density values. For instance, high - density polyethylene (HDPE) has a density ranging from approximately 0.941 - 0.965 g/cm³, while polypropylene (PP) has a density around 0.90 - 0.91 g/cm³. In a liquid medium with a carefully adjusted density, plastics will either float or sink according to their own density. This fundamental property enables the separation of various plastic materials.
• Process Steps
  First, a series of liquid media with precisely calibrated density gradients are prepared. Saltwater solutions with different salt concentrations are commonly used as the liquid media. Mixed plastics are then gently introduced into these solutions. In a well - controlled saltwater solution, HDPE items like milk jugs will float to the surface due to their lower density, while PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles, which are denser, will sink to the bottom. To ensure thorough separation, mechanical agitation or gentle stirring can be applied to help all plastic pieces interact effectively with the liquid medium. After the initial separation, the floating and sinking plastics are carefully collected using appropriate tools such as sieves or scoops.
• Advantages and Limitations
  This process is relatively straightforward and cost - effective, especially for small - to - medium - scale plastic recycling facilities. It doesn't demand highly sophisticated equipment, making it accessible to a wide range of recyclers. It can efficiently separate common plastics with significant density differences, providing a reliable initial separation step. However, the presence of impurities in plastics can distort their buoyancy and lead to inaccurate sorting. Maintaining the stability of the liquid medium density is also challenging, as temperature changes can affect the density of both the plastics and the liquid, potentially causing misclassification.

2. Near - Infrared (NIR) Sorting Process

• Principle and Detection Mechanism
  Each type of plastic has a unique molecular structure, which results in characteristic near - infrared absorption and reflection patterns. NIR sorting process takes advantage of this property. The equipment emits near - infrared light onto the plastic materials, and sensors detect the reflected light. By comparing the detected NIR spectra with a pre - stored database of plastic spectra, the system can accurately identify the type of plastic. For example, PET has a specific absorption peak at a particular wavelength in the NIR range, which can be used to distinguish it from other plastics.
• Process Flow
  Mixed plastics are conveyed on a high - speed conveyor belt under the NIR detection unit. The NIR light source continuously illuminates the plastics as they move. The highly sensitive sensors capture the reflected light signals, which are then transmitted to a computer system equipped with advanced pattern - recognition software. The software analyzes the signals, matches them with the known spectra in the database. Once the plastic type is identified, an ejection mechanism, such as a high - pressure air jet, is activated to direct the plastic to the appropriate collection bin.
• Advantages and Drawbacks
  NIR sorting process offers high sorting accuracy and can distinguish between plastics with similar physical properties, such as those with comparable densities but different chemical compositions. It can handle complex mixtures of plastics, including those with various additives and colorations. This process is highly suitable for large - scale, high - volume recycling operations and can be seamlessly integrated into automated recycling lines. However, the equipment is relatively expensive to purchase and maintain. Regular calibration of the NIR sensors and continuous updating of the database are essential to ensure accurate sorting. The performance may also be affected by factors like the thickness and surface condition of the plastic samples.

3. Electrostatic Sorting Process

• Principle of Electrostatic Charging and Separation
  When plastics are subjected to certain processes, such as triboelectric charging, they can acquire different electrostatic charges. Through triboelectric charging, plastics are rubbed against each other or a specific material, causing some plastics to become positively charged and others to be negatively charged. In an electrostatic field generated by electrodes, these charged plastics will move in different directions according to their charge polarity and magnitude, enabling separation. For example, in a parallel - plate electrostatic separator, positively charged plastics will be attracted towards the negatively charged electrode, while negatively charged plastics will move towards the positively charged electrode.
• Detailed Process
  Mixed plastics are first fed into a charging chamber, where they are vigorously agitated or rubbed against a specific material to induce triboelectric charging. After charging, the plastics are introduced into an electrostatic field. The electrostatic field is carefully calibrated to ensure that the charged plastics experience the appropriate electrostatic forces for separation. Collection bins are strategically placed at the end of the sorting path to gather the separated plastics. Some advanced electrostatic sorting systems also incorporate additional features, such as adjustable electrode voltages and frequencies, to optimize the sorting process for different types of plastics.
• Benefits and Challenges
  This process can effectively separate plastics that are difficult to distinguish by other means, especially those with similar densities. It can be used to separate plastics with different additives or surface treatments that affect their electrostatic properties. Electrostatic sorting process is also relatively energy - efficient compared to some other sorting methods. However, the electrostatic sorting process is highly sensitive to humidity. High humidity levels can reduce the charging efficiency and cause charge dissipation, leading to inaccurate sorting results. The surface condition of the plastics, such as the presence of contaminants or coatings, can also impact the charging and sorting performance.

4. Manual and Automated Visual Sorting Process

• Principle of Visual Identification
  Visual sorting, both manual and automated, relies on the differences in color, shape, and transparency of plastics. Different types of plastics often exhibit distinct visual characteristics. For example, PET bottles are typically transparent or have a slightly blue - tinted transparency and a characteristic cylindrical shape with a specific neck design. PVC (polyvinyl chloride) products may have a different color range and texture compared to other plastics.
• Manual Visual Sorting Process
  In manual visual sorting, trained workers visually inspect the plastics on a conveyor belt or sorting table. They separate the plastics into different categories based on their appearance. Workers need to be well - trained to recognize the subtle differences between various plastic types. This method is simple and low - cost, suitable for small - scale operations or when the quantity of plastic waste is not large. However, it is labor - intensive and prone to human error, especially when sorting large volumes of plastics for extended periods.
• Automated Visual Sorting Process
  In an automated visual sorting system, mixed plastics are conveyed on a conveyor belt under high - resolution cameras. The cameras capture multiple images of the plastics from different angles as they move. The image - recognition software then analyzes the color, shape, and transparency features of the plastics in the captured images. It compares these features with a pre - set database of plastic visual characteristics. Once the plastic type is identified, an appropriate sorting mechanism, such as a mechanical pusher or an air - operated diverter, is activated to direct the plastic to the correct collection bin. Automated visual sorting can be fast and efficient for large - scale sorting, especially when dealing with plastics with distinct visual differences. But it may face challenges when plastics have been discolored due to aging, contamination, or when their shapes are irregular, leading to misidentification. Additionally, the accuracy of the sorting process may be affected by lighting conditions in the sorting area.